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Extra Signs & Modifiers

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ੰ

tippi

[/n/]

Nasalisation marker (used with short vowels)

ਸੰਤ — saint

ਂ

bindi

[/n/]

Nasalisation marker (used with long vowels)

ਨਹੀਂ — no

ੱ

addak

[gemination]

Doubles the following consonant

ਸੱਚ — truth

੍

halant

[suppresses vowel]

Removes inherent vowel sound

ਪ੍ਰਭੁ — lord

ਁ

udaat

[/◌̃/]

Nasal modifier (rare, older texts)